Color television system with coding



y 1961 G. VALENSI 2,982,811

COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH CODING Filed Aug. '7, 1958 11 Sheets-Sheet 1 EIEEJE] Fxg/IF g .1 Prior arl L .C I z LL 5-, L I 3 rm; 1 2 w X m 1 I UJ z E F U l 1 1; :3 I l I 1 1 I U) I a o "I i l 0 O l I L1- IDN WEI/Ton 37 z Mew G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH CODING May 2, 1961 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 11 Sheets-Sheet 2 m 1 .IEnmI L w m Jr'llll ll n I. l|| l 153:. 4 I muz zi0xo r i woz zi3 MEI/T y 1961 G. VALENSI 2,982,811

COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH comma Filed Aug. 7, 1958 ll Sheets-Sheet 3 1 A/ vxmrn 5mm VKLEM/ Mew-r May 2, 1961 G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH comm ll Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 mmm May 2, 1961 4 G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH comm;

11 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 mSnX May 2, 1961 G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH CODING ll Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 I A/l/PUTM 6 FORGEZS VALEX/sl "I I a May 2, 1961 GQVALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH CODING ll Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 IUL/FDTMR 6GOA6S l KLaAl 5v a l I May 2, 1961 G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH CODING 11 Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 ME T May 2, 1961 e. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH comma 11 Sheets-Sheet 9 Filed Aug. 7, 1958 unomwnmv lllll' May 2, 1961 G. VALENSI COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH comma 11 Sheets-Sheet 11 Filed Aug. '7, 1958 United States Patent COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM WITH CODING Georges'Valensi, 3 Rue Chaudronniers,

Geneva, Switzerland Filed Aug. 7, 1958, Set. N0. 753,693 Claims priority, application France Aug. 12, 1957 6 Claims, (Cl. 178-52 ing the primary colors (blue, green and red) produced through, dichroic mirrors D, D within the three cameras IB, IV, IR at thetransmitting station (Figure l), and also the colors of luminescence of the small'phosphor elements building the trichrome fluorescent screen Fl of tube TR at the receiving;

the three electron guns viewing station. I

Referring to Figure l,- the 3 pictures of the televised object obtained through obiective Ob and dichroic mirtors D, D produce, at the output of cameras (IB, IV, FR), 3 primary signals (E E E that matrix of resistors M transforms in 3 secondary signals respectively proportional to the components X, Y (and to the sum FICC synchronizing pulses t and signals t, are mixed together by electronic mixer MP in order to obtain the composite video signal V. Figure 1-b represents the oscillograms of one scanning line, and Figure l-a the interlaced luminame and chrominance spectra.

The composite video signal V (together with sr, t reaches, through line L (radio relay link or coaxial pair of a long distance cable), the distant receiving station represented schematically at the bottom or Figure l. The total spectrum of the received composite video signal V occupying the band B, (Figure l-a) is divided in two parts by filter F (passing the low frequency part B which includes the greatest part of. the luminance energy and the synchronizing pulses t and signals 1,), and filter F passing the medium and high frequency parts (B -|-B' )-whereas filter F (having a very nar-' row passing band) separates the major part of the color subcarrier of frequency f SVS is the synchro-videoseparator taking (out of band B the field synchronizing signals 1', and the line synchronizing pulses t; which trigger respectively the saw-tooth generator Or for verticalelectrical scanning and the saw-tooth generator Oh for horizontal electrical scanning of the trichrome' flu'ores cent screen Fl of the'viewin'g cathode ray tube TR. The

low frequency part I (hand B ofthe spectr'um of V' contains the greatest partof the luminance energy; :but

the other luminance component I (bands B and B';,)

X+Y+Z of the 3' components) of the luminous flux emitted 'by the scanned point of the televised object in the XYZ colorimetric reference system of the Interna-' tional Illumination Committee, said signal Y being precisely the luminance signal I characterizing the brightness said scanned point. TC'is an encoding cathode'ray tube comprising a cathode, an anode made of metallic sectors (a a corresponding, in logarithmic transform, to the sectors of the color triangle (Figure 1c and'two pairs of plates (Px,'Py) for'horizontally and vertically positioning the electronic image of said catho'de" o e particular anode sector corresponding to the color of said elemental area, underth e' control'of saidterti-ary signals (log log whereby a chrominancesignal Chr is ob-. tained at the output of tube TC. Os is the oscillator are necessary forjthec'orrect reproduction of-th'e'draw ing of the televised object. Part B; (having the same Width as' part B "co-ntainsall the chrorn-inance information. Therefore band B' (atthe output of filter F alone feeds the chrominance detector CD, at the output of which is reproduced the received chr-orninance signal- Chr to be amplified by amplifier Ac; It is necessary to correct said signal Chr for compensating the variations (against time) of the transmission over line L; these" vanations have altered i-nthe same proportion the am under the'cont'rol of the line synchronizing pulse 1 Atf the output of gate'y, rectifier R provides to amplifier Ac the necessary. volumecontrol for compensatingauto matrcally said variations of the transmission over line L,

so that the amplifier'chrominance signal Chr is restored, v at the output of Ac, 'with'its original amplitude.

TD is the color decoding cathode ray tub'e com-pris ing a rectilinear vertical cathodeK emit'ting a fiat" elec tron beam and surrounded bya'Wehnelt cylinder W jfor' adjustingthe intensity ofv said beam under the control I of 2' (part B, of thelumin'an'c'e spectrum anf accelerat- Ting cylindrical anode A 'at positivepotential referredto said cathode "K, a pair ot plates P 'for'hofi f zontally deflecting said fiat beam u'n'de'ri the controlof' generating the colonsubcarrier of frequency f (odd multiple of half the scanning lines trequen'cy), and M0 is a modulator'which modulates in amplitude said color subcarrier by means of said chrominance signal- Chr. Msr is a modulator which modulates said colorTsu'bcarrier in amplitude by means of'a local battery p", the output of M'sr reaching the final electronic mixer' MF,

through electronic gate 7 controlled by the line synchro nizing pulses t generated by the centralsynchronizing device DS. v Said device DS-generates also the field synchronizing signals r ns well as the saw-tooth waves for scanning simultaneously the photosensitive, mosaics of cameras IB, IV, PR, The luminance signal I: Y, the color subcarrier modulated by the chrominance signal Chr, the

amplitude reference signal sf obtained at the beginning of each scanning line (at the output of gate' 'y) andthe' (part B of. the luminance spectrum) and contro'lled by the corrected'received chrominance signal Chr, a' decod ing electrodeED represented onFigurel-fand having tour-slits (B, V',R, S') behind which '.are located four,

collecting electrodes (ab, av,'a'r, as). Ateach insta'nt,

the electrons of the electronic image ofcathode K' pro duce, through saidlslits, four. signals'having-respec't'ive intensities proportionaltothe-components(B', V, R) of the luminous (blue, green and red) fluxes to bemixe'd together for reproducing the hue of the color of the scanned" elemental area ofthe televised object, and to the degree of saturation S of said color of-s'aid elemental WD is a luminance weighting" device(n1ade are,

' projection of colored pictures on a large screen.

signal S in such a way that the output 1' of said device W1) is small when S is large, and vice versa. This weighted luminance component I, and the rest I" of the luminance are applied together to the luminance matrix Ml, which divides the total luminance. signal (l' -l-l") in three primary components "corresponding to the luminous fiuxes B (blue), V (green) and R (red) to, be mixed together for producing white light. (Figure 3-d gives theconstitution-of said luminance matrix Ml.) mr, mv, mb are electronic mixers which mix together the components B, V, R- (obtained at the output of MI) with the corresponding components B, V, R (obtained atthe output of tube TD). These mixtures are applied to the control electrodes of the 3 electron guns (cb, cv, c1") of viewing tube TR through gamma correctors (not represented on Figure 1, but the same as Cb, Cv and Cr of re 3). a i

A first object of the present invention'is to adapt the color television system represented on Figure l to the transmission characteristics of the existing powerful radio-broadcasting transmitters. The encoding anddecoding process based on the mapping of MaXwellTs color triangle in a rather large number of sectors corresponding to the, various chromaticities that the human eye can distinguish requires, for a satisfactory transmission of the coded color sign-a1 Chr (chrominance signal) between t-he color television transmitting and receiving stations,a link having a rather large range of linear variation ofthe amplitude. This is the case of a coaxial pair in longdistance cables having a range of amplitude of the order-of 60 decibels corresponding to a ratio of voltages of one thousand; such a line offers .the possibility ofhaving as much as 128 different sectors in the color triangle (instead of only 27 on Figure 1- c) corresponding to 32 'difierent hues and 4 diiferent degrees of saturation. In practical radio-broadcasting, powerful transmitters are used in order to cover a large ground, but their range of linear variation of the amplitude is restricted to about 30 decibels, corresponding to a ratio of voltages of. only 31.6. In order to comply with these transmission characteristics of radio-transmitters for color television, instead of having a chrominance signal Chr representing both the' hue'and the saturation of the scanned colored elemental area'of the televised object, two components of the chrominance signal (corresponding respectively to said hue. and to said saturation) are, in accordance with the present invention, transmitted successively, one being delayed at the receiving station in order to be usedsimultaneously with the other.

A- second object of the present invention is to adapt inthe most favourable manner, the color television system represented on'Figure 1 to the use of a long distance waveguide between the color television transmitting and receiving stations.

color television system represented in" Figure 1'to the Up to now, for this purpose, three primary pictures (for example;blue, redand green) produced by the fluorescent screens of 3 different cathode ray tubes have been super-' 7 posed on said large projection screen; but this involves 'anpptic'al registration problem, verydiflicult to solve perfectly in practice.

7 Viewing tubes, having a trichrorne fluorescent screen madeofam'osaic of point :(or strips) constituted by materials producing respectively blue, green and red luminescent lights when cathode rays impinge on them, are

not appropriate for the projection of large colored pic,

tures on f a large projection screen for two reasons. Firstly, because of the necessity of having, in case of high definition pictures, a great number of distinct juxtaposed points (or strips) of phosphors giving respectively the primary colors of luminescent light, the trichrome fluores cent screenhas relatively large dimensions, andthere is no simple optical system of great aperture capable of rd object of the present invention is to adapt the projecting an enlarged image of such a large luminous. object. Secondly, the pattern of points (or strips) con-- stituting said fluorescent screen would be too Visible: when optically enlarged, and therefore the projected images would not be satisfactory.

Moreover, in the 3 electron guns shadow mask viewing tube (TR on Figure l) manufactured by Radio Corporation of America, the registration of the 3 electron beams through the small holes of the shadow mask requires preliminary accurate adjustments of magnet assemblies, and the presence of said shadow mask reduces the avail- V able brightness.

and appropriate magnitude to be added to the original subcarrier,

(c) The frequency change required :because the frequency of the received color subcarrier ditfers from the rate at which the cathode ray spot crosses, the groups of 3 strips having one of each fluorescent color, and accomplished by 'heterodyning the color subcarr ier with a signal derived from the beam-indexing circuit. These difiiculties (due to opticalregistration of 3 difierent pictures, or due to electrical circuitry adjustments, or due to the presence of a too visible and permanent pattern of colored points or strips) are avoided in the present invention.

Experience has proved that the human eye needs not as much color information as drawing information;-

therefore good colored pictures can be obtained, as explained hereafter, by superposing on a projection screen a high definition black and white picture (with for example 565 scanning lines) and a rather coarse colored picture of the same televised object (with for example only 200 scanning lines). In the high definition black and white 7 picture all the points of the drawing of said televised object are reproduced, whereas the coarse colored picture reproduces only the colored elemental areas that the human eyecan .easily discriminate from each. other on the surface of said televised object.

The invention will be better understood in referring to the appended drawings in which:

a Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the color televis-ionsystem described in US. Patent No. 2,920,131.

Figure Z'represents the transmitting station (based on the color triangles shown on Figures 2-a and 241) and Figure 3 represents the receiving station of the color television system adapted'to radio-broadcasting, in ac cordance with the present invention. Figures 2 c, 3-a, 3-b, 3-c and 3-d illustrate some parts of said system. Figure 4 represents the transmitting station and Figure 5 the receiving station of the color television system adapted to a long distance waves-guide connecting said stations, in 'accordance'with the present invention; Figure 4-a represents the oscillogram of one scanning line.

Figure 6 represents one arrangement 'for projecting colored pictures on a large projection screen EP, in which a cathode ray tube 0' produces a high definition black and white picture of the televised object while a coarse colored picture of said object is produced by a powerful source 2 of light modulated in color by devices KK based on electrical birefringence and reflected on a rotating mirror drum TM; Figure 6-a shows the color triangle corresponding to said arrangement; Figures 6-b, 6c, 6-d concern some parts'of said arrangement.

Figure 7 represents another arrangement for projecting. colored pictures on a large projection screen EP, in which a. cathode ray tube 0 produces a ihighdefinition black and white picture of the televised object, while another cathode ray tube. 9, having astratifiedfluorescent screen Fl, a Wehnelt cylinder W and: a post accelerating electrode A'produces a coarse colored picture ot.-saiidv object when appropriate voltages are applied to said Wehnelt cylinder: w and to said-electrode A for exciting successively the fluorescence of the difl'erent layers of stratified screen Fl emitting successively the primary colors. Figures 7-11, 7-b,, 7c, 7-d, 7-e-'and 7 -f -illustratesome parts of the arrangement shown on Figure 7.. j v

Figures 2 and 3 represent schematically the videoparts of the transmitting and receiving stations of a color television broadcasting system in accordance with. the invention; the radiofreq-uency parts of said stations are not represented, but they are in conformity with theof the colorimetric reference system XYZ of the International Illumination Committee.

The voltage Y is precisely the luminance signal 1 proportional to the brightness of the scanned point of the televised object. yond the point where said luminance signal [:Y is derived) are inserted three filters F passing only band B (equal to band B containing all the chrominance spectrum on Figure 1-a).- The purpose of these 3 filters F is to reduce the effect (on the chrominance signals C-and S, see hereafter) ofthe background noises produced by cameras IB, IV, IR. After the correspondingfllter F, the voltage a 'X+Y+Z polanizes, through potentiometer r'r, the control grids of pentodes L and L9 in such a manner that the gain of said p'entodesvaries like 7 X+Y+z The other voltages X and Y (after the correspondinig At the output of matrix M' (and be filters F) are also applied to said control grids of pentodes L and-L and, consequently,'voltages proportional respectively to are obtained at the output terminals of said pentodes L1;

and 1.9.: x and y are precisely the trichrornatic coordinates of the points representing respectively the. hue.

and the degree-of saturationof the color ofthe scanned elemental area of the televised object,.on the chroma-f ticity diagramms of Figures 2-11 and 2-1), B, V, R repre senting the primary colors associated with cameras IB, TV and PR and corresponding also to the luminescence of the phosphors used for the trichrome fluorescent screen;

' mental area. I

zontally deflecting plates (Px Px and to the vertically deflecting plates (Py Pyz) of. said tubes TC TC Cathode ray tube TC has a cathode. C emitting electrons,gan accelerating anode at a high positive potential referred to said cathode, a final anode A made of metallic sectors electrically insulated from each other and connected to various points of an output resistor R, These sectors (a a a,,) have precisely the-shapes of the correspondingly numbered sectors (1, 2 12) of the color triangle shown on Figure 2-:1. A grid G (at an appropriate negative potential referred to said anode A) prevents the rebounding of electrons from the anode sector struck by. the cathode ray beam towards the neighbouring anode sectors, so that the intensity of the cathode ray beam is always the samewhatever anode sector is struck. Therefore at each instant, the signal C obtained at the output'te'rminal (a of tube TC; is the product of this.- intensity of said beam bythe resistance of the portion of resistor R between point a (voltage reference point) and the point where the struck anode sector is connected to said output resistor R. The connec'tions between the various anode sectors and the various points of said resistor R are arranged in such a mannor that signal C is proportional to the number of the sector-of the color triangle (Fig. 2-a) of coordinates .x, y (x, y being also the voltages applied to plates Px and Py of tube'TC at the considered instant), and consequently signal C carries the information concerning the hue ofthe color of the elemental area of the televised object scanned at said instant.

Tube TC is a cathode ray tube with a fluorescent screen F and a post-accelerating electrode a at. a high fixed. positive potential referred to cathode C of. said tttbe, in order to. have a bright luminous spot where the electron beam impinges on screen F. Outside tube TC but'very close to screen F, is a screen E having a graded transparency as shown on Figure 2-1); the center (corresponding to white),.a's well as a narrow part corresponding to the space between sectors (1 and 12:)hof7extreme numbers on Figure 2-a, is completely opaque;the transparency increases gradually when going towards the spectrum locus, or towards the purple line, that is to say" when the degree of saturation of the color increases.

The part outside the spectrum locus and the purple: line:

multiplier PH; When voltages'x,.y are applied tolplates m Py' of tube TC the signal S obtained'atthe output' of photomultiplier PH is proportional'to thedegreeof saturation of the color of said scanned elemental area of the televised object. I g V C is the hue chrominance signal and S'is the saturation chrominance 'signa corresponding to said ele- A and A (Figure 2) are gated-amplifiers which amplify successively signal C and signal S, A; being blocked by its gating grid-g' when A has: its gating grid g' open and thereforeamrilified-and vice versa.

- The color subcarrier (of treque'ncy )3, odd multiple" of'half the scanning lines'frequency) generated by oscillator'Os is modulated in amplitudefsuccessively by=signal C and signal S by means of modulator Mes. This color subcarrier of frequency f is modulated by the constant amplitude of battery p by means 'otmodulator Msr,in

. signals-t the line synchronizing pulses t the amplitude order to produce (through electronic gate 1/, controlled by the line synchronizing pulses t the amplitude reference signal sr on the back porch of each linesynchronizing pulse t The luminance signal derived immediately before the filter F corresponding to Y goes through a local delay equalizer r'. I l V This luminance signal l -Y, the field synchronizing reference signal sraremixed successively with. the I auxiliary-.huechrominance signal C'and with" thesaturation chromiuancezsignalxs, by. means. of final: electronic 'mixer '3 MF, so that the oscillogram shown on Figure 2 is obtained for two successive scanning lines, the composite video signal .V combining l+C during one scanning line, and l+S during the following scanning line.

Figure 3- a represents (at its right side) the two gated amplifiers A A and (at its left side) the waves derived from the line synchronizing pulses t and controlling the gating grids 3' and g' of said amplifiers A A The pulses (wave 1) are applied at the input of a differentiating-rectifying device DR which fulfills a differentiating operation (in the mathematical sense) producing wave 1a, and, later, a rectifying operation producing wave 2. This wave 2 is made of pips which trigger a multivibrator MVZ/ 1 (of ratio 2 to 1) which produces (at two different output terminals) wave 3 and wave 4 (of opposite phases). These two waves (lines 3 and 4 at the left of Figure 3-a) are applied respectively to the gating grids g' g of amplifiers A A Therefore, as stated above, signal C is obtained at the output of A (Figure 2) during one scanning line, and signal S is obtained atthe output of A during the following scanning line, and so on.

In the video part of the receiving color television station (Figure 3), the spectrum of thefcomposite video signal V carrying always the luminance signal I, and successively the hue chrominance signal C and the saturation chrominance signal S (during two successive scan-' ning lines) is divided by filters F F F and F as explainedhereabove with reference to Figure 1, while synchro-video-separator SVS extracts the line synchronizing pulses t and the steep fronts ft, of the field synchronizing signals t and while electronic gate (controlled by said pulses r extracts the amplitude reference signal sr applied at the input of rectifier R.' The gated amplifiers A' A' of the receiving station (Figure 3) correspond respectively to the gated amplifiers A A of the transmitting station (Figure .2), amplifier A being allotted to hue chrominance signal C, whereas amplifier A is allotted to saturation chrominance signal S. Both signals C and S are successively obtained at the output of filter F' (during two successive scanning lines) and are applied to the control grid, g g of amplifiers A A associated with detectors D D But a delay line .LR (at the output of D stocks detected signal C, and

delays it during the duration of one scanning line, in order to put it in the same time position as the detected signal S corresponding to the same elemental area of the televised object and obtained at the output of D The arrangement shown on the top of Figure 3-b and producing the various waves represented at the bottom of said Figure 3-b secures the synchronism of the control of the gating grids of amplifiers A A in the transmitting station with the control of the gating grids of amplifiers A A in the corresponding receiving station.

The first oscillo-gramm of Figure 3-b represents a field of the television picture between two field synchronizing signals 2 Whereas the last oscillograrnm represents a discontinuous sequence of line synchronizing pulses t vAt the output of the synchro video separator SVS (Figures 3 and 3-11) are obtained: a continuous sequence of pulses t and, from time to time,-the field synchronizing signals t By a well known process the steep fronts ft of said signals t are separated, as shown on line (a) of Figure 3-1). These pips ft trigger the multivibrator'MV producing the wave represented on line (b). The dififerentiating and rectifying device DR (germanium diode associated with a circuit producing the mathematical derivative of the voltage applied at the input) extracts, from wave b, the pips represented on line which trigger the multivibrator MV producing the wave represented on line (d). 'This wave is positive during each field of the televised picture and negative during the interval between two successive fields; this wave (line d of Figure 3-b) is applied to thegating grid of a gated amplifier A to the control grid .ofwhich. is.applied the 8 continuous sequence of line synchronizing pulses t obtained at the output of device SVS. Consequently, at the output of amplifier A is produced the discontinuous sequence of pulses 1 shown on line (e) of Figure 3-12, said pulses t existing now only during each field of the tele vised picture (and no more during the interval between two successive fields).

After amplifier A (as in the transmitting station) the diflerentiating-rectifying device DR and the multivibrator MV produce (as explained with reference to Figure 3-a) two waves of opposite phases (at half the frequency of the pulses 2 which are applied respectively to the gating grids g' g; of amplifiers A' A' while their control grids g' g' receive in parallel the color subcarrier modulated in amplitude successively by the hue chrominance signal C and by the saturation chrominance signal S. 7

TD (Figure 3) is a cathode ray tube comprising: a vertical rectilinear cathode K emitting a flat electron beam, the electrons being accelerated by anode A, a Wehnelt cylinder W surrounding cathode K,a pair of plates P for horizontallyfieflecting saidflat electron beam, a decoding electrode ED (represented on the right of Figure 3) having 3 slits B, V, R ehind which are located electron multipliers MB, MV, MR.

When signal 1 (part B of the spectrum of the composite video signal V=l+C)' is applied to Wehnelt cylin' der W, while signal C (part B of said spectrum detwtcd by D delayed by LR, and amplified by amplifier A the gain of which is automatically regulated by amplitude reference signal sr) is applied to deflecting plates P, the electronic image of cathode K (having an intensity proportional to the mean brightness of the scanned elemental area of the televised object) is positioned on a particular vertical line of decoding electrode ED where the widths of slits B, V, R have precisely values proportional to the (blue, green, and red). luminous fluxes to be mixed together for reproducing the hue of the color corresponding to signal C. Therefore, at any instant, the'voltages (B', V, R) obtained at the output terminals of electron multipliers MB, MV, MR have precisely the values which it is desired to apply to the electron guns cb, CV, or of the viewing tubeTR for reproducing, on fluorescent screen Fl of said tube TR, the hue of the color of the elemental area of the televised object being scanned at said instant.

' When no signal is applied to P(C=0) the electronic image of cathode K is. on the solid part of ED, and B'=V'=R'=O.

Simultaneously the corresponding saturation chrominance signal S (obtained by means of detector D at the output of amplifier A and amplified by amplifier A,,, the gain of which is automatically regulated by amplitude reference signal sr) produces, through potentiometer r'r, a polarization of thecontrol grid g of pentode L varying in such a manner that the gain of said pentode L is large when signal S is small and vice versa. To this control grid g of said pentode L is also applied signal 1 (part B of the spectrum of the composite video signal which contains the greatest part of the luminance); therefore the luminance signal 1' obtained at the output of pentode L andtapplied to the input of lurninance matrix Ml is large when S is small, and vice 'versa. To the input of said matrix Ml is also applied the luminance signal I" constituted by parts B and B of the spectrum of the composite video signal (which corresponds to the small details of the drawing of the televised object), through a small delay equalizer lr compensating the small difference between the propagation times (through the circuitry of Figure 3) of the high frequencies and of the low frequencies.

Figure 3-d represents the constitution of said luminance matrix Ml producing, at its output terminals 1, 2, .3), three voltages (B, V, R) proportional to the (blue, green andred) luminous; fluxes to bemixed together for re BlueB Green V y=0.080 y.=0.710 x=0.670 x=0.3l0

Red R White C the resistors constituting the luminance matrix Ml (Figure 3-d) should have valuesR R andeR satisfying thefollowing equations:

The electronicmixers mb, mv, mr"(Figure 3) receive each, at each instant, a weighted'luminance component (B, V or R) corresponding to white light and produced by matrix MI, and ahuecomponent (B', V or R') corresponding to saturated colored light and produced by decoding cathode ray tube TD. The mixtures (B+B', V+V', R-l-R), obtained at the output terminals of said electronic mixers (mb, mv, mr) respectively, have the right proportions of white light and colored light corresponding precisely to the hue andto the degree ofsaturation, aswell as to themean brightness of each elemental areaof the televised object, the slight brightness variations corresponding to the small details of the drawing of'said televised object being also included in said mixtures, which are applied (through gamma correctors Cb, Cv, Cr) to the control electrodes of the 3 electron guns (0b, cv, cr)of the viewing cathode ray tube TR. (These gamma correctors serve to compensate the non-linearity, or gamma, of the fluorescent materials constituting the trichrome fluorescent screen Fl of said viewing tube TR'.)

Figure 3-0 shows another possible arrangement of filters F F F and R, of Figure 3 in which filter F passes only band B (see Figure l-a) whereas filter F' passes only band B' with such an arrangement, the definition of the drawing of the televised object reproduced on fluorescent screen Fl of viewing tube TR would be slightly impaired, but the reception of the colored pictures (in black and white only) on the usual receivers (adapted only to monochrome television) will be improved, because the dot pattern corresponding to the chrominance signals will no more interfere with the black and white picture obtained on said usualtelevision receivers and corresponding only to the luminance signal.

The system for color broadcasttelevision represented schematically on Figures 2' and 3 presents the following advantages. v

(a) It is well adapted to. the: existing monochrome broadcast television transmitters having arange of'linear variation of amplitude of 30 decibels only, because, as the hue chrominance' signalC and the saturation chrominance signal S are transmitted successively, :they can both use fully this range of amplitudes, so that the color triangle of Figure 2-a could:.be divided in 32 sectors corresponding to 32 different hues. Experience has shown that perfect colored pictures are obtainedif'32 different hues and at least 4 diiferent'degrees of saturation canbe discriminated from each other.

(b) The local generation, at the receiving station (Figure 3 of the voltages controlling the-gating of amplifiers A A' in perfect synchronism with the. gating of amplifiers A A (FigureZ), said voltages being derived (at the receiving station) from thereceived line synchronizing pulses t and from the steep fronts ft of the, received field synchronizing signals t avoids'the necessity of'hav ing an auxiliary switching signal before each scanning line (as is done in existingfline sequential television'sys= 10 toms) therefore the back-- nizing. pulse is entirely allotted-to the-amplitude reference signal sr, which is necessary for compensating the varia= tions (againsttime) ofitheradio-propagation between the transmitting'and receiving stations.

'(c) This color broadcast television system is completely compatible, and very good black and white pictures can be produced on usual monochrome television receivers by the signals transmitted for color television pictures.

Figures 4 and 5 represent the transmitting and receiving stations of the color television system in accordance with the invention when a long distance wave-guide WG connects these stationstogether.

Oneof the claims of theU. S. patent application Serial No. 656,970, filed May 3, 1957, and entitled Color Television Systems With Coding, concerns the transmission of composite video. signals such as V and of amplitude reference signals such as sr (see Figure 4a) through a wave-guide, with the minimum number of coded pulses, in the following manner. At the origin of the Waveguide a rectifying andshaping device RV, fed by the oscillator Os generating the color subcarrier wave, produces control pulses at a frequency double of the frequencyof said color subcarrier and inphase with the maxima and minima of said modulated subcarrier, and these pulses control devices for sampling'and coding (in accordance with the well known pulse code modulation process) only the maxima and minima of the composite video signals V and of the ,amplitudereference signals sr (Figure 4a); at the end jof'said wave-guide,' slicers shape in perfect rectangles the received coded pulses, and decoders reproduce (with'said rectangular coded pulses) the maxima' and minima of said composite video signals V, and of said amplitude reference signals sr.

, On Figure 4a, 1, 3, 5 arethe maxima of the composite video signal V, whereas 2, 4, 6' are its minima. In binary pulse code modulation, if N is the number of coded pulses corresponding to a given sampled amplitude, the number of distinguishable discretes'teps-of quantization ofsaid sampled amplitude is 2 for example if N =7, the accuracy of reproduction of" a given maximum (or minimum) amplitudeishown on Figure 4a is: 1 .1. I (about'l%) g If point 1' on said Figure 4-a corresponds to the maximum of all the amplitudeslof the composite video signal V (that is to say to a point of the televised object having the maximumbrightness with a color corresponding to the sector of maximum number'in the color triangle), the difierenceof levels Ob (between the level of point 1 and the reference. level, point 0) would correspond to 128 discrete steps of quantization. V,

The maximum amplitude of the chrominance signalchr modulating the color subcarrier, and superposed to the luminance signal I cannot'obviously exceed the maximum amplitude of said luminance signal I. inorder that the composite video signal V- never goes below therefe'r'ence level 0 (Figure 4a); and, at a viewpoint of overloading of the entire color television circuit, it ispreferable if the amplitude of the subcarrier modulated by the maxi mum chrominance signal. remains substantially smaller than the maximum amplitude-*of the luminance signal.

Therefore, instead of having a chrominance signal chr carrying both the hue information and the saturation information concerning each elemental area of the televised obje'ct as in US. Patent application Serial No. 656,970 based on the mapping of the color triangle 27 sectors as shown onFigur'e 1-c, it is preferable (in case of a color television transmission over a long distance waves guide) to generate two different signals at' the transmitting station, independently: thehue chrominance signal C and the saturation chrominance signal S, only signal'C (or.only signal S) modulating the amplitude of the color subcarrier for constituting the composite videoporch of each line; synchro' Experience obtained in United States of America with" the N. T. S. C. color television system shows that a variation of 10 degrees of the phase of the color subcarrier giving the hue, that is to say an error of is intolerable, whereas an error of 50% on the amplitude of the color subcarrier giving the saturation'is often not noticeable; in other words, the. human eye is much more sensitive to a difference of hue than to a difference of saturation.

Very high quality colored television pictures can be obtained in the following conditions: 10 levels of brightness, 4 levels of saturation and 32 levels of hue. In point to point industrial color television (a case which may occur often in the near future, when long distance wave-guides will make available cheap television channels with a bandwidth of about 4 megacycles per second), rather satisfactory colored pictures can be obtained in the following conditions: 6 levels of brightness, 2 levels of saturation, and 16 levels of hue. (This corresponds already to 2 6 16:192 different retinian impressions for the observer.)

Taking into consideration the above mentioned points, it appears that, specially in case of long distance transmissionover a wave-guide, there will be advantage in sending successively: a video composite signal V combining the. luminance signal I and the saturation chromitio'meter r'r, the pentodes L L and 2 encoding tubes,

TC TC producing the hue chrominance signal C and the saturation chrominance signal S, as explained hereabove with reference to Figure 2. The luminance signal l:Y is derived at the output of matrix M; the line synchronizing pulses t and the field synchronizing signals r, are-derived fromthe saw-tooth generators ,0 producing the scanning of the photosensitive mosaics of cameras TB,1V,1R. The color subcarrier of frequency f (odd multiple of half the scanning lines frequency) is modulated in amplitude by the saturation chrominauce signal S through modulator Mr, and this modulated wave is mixed, in electronic mixer MF, with the luminance signal I, in order to obtain the composite yideo signal V'(H-S) carrying the information of brightness and the informationof degree of saturationof the color. The

' means for generating an amplitude reference signal sr on the back porch of, each line synchronizing pulse t are omitted on Figure 4; they would be the same as on Figure 2. V

.The wave of frequency f produced by oscillator Os feeds the device RV which produces control pulses at frequency twice of f in order to time (in accordance with the well known technique of pulse code modulation). the encoding operations of sampler Echl and coder CD1 which sample and code the maxima and the minima of the composite video signal V(b+S), and those of sampler Ech2 and coder CD2 for the hue chrominance signal C. Coder CD1 and CD2 produce respectively the groups of coded pulses C corresponding to the maxima and minima of V(ll+S) and the groups of coded pulses 1C corresponding to the maxima and minima of C. (The dotted lines of Figure-: 4 correspond to these timing operations.) t

A delay lineIR delays the pulses 1C carrying the 1 formation S, this sequence of pulses 1C and IC being later applied to the input of thetransmitting panel TP these received pulses are reshaped by slicers DCP DCP at the origin of wave guide WG. In fact between the color television transmitting station and the transmitting panel TP of the long distance wave guide WG, there is necessarily a circuit (for example a coaxial pair in a cable of a moderate length) on which the coded pulses 10 (such as 1C and 1C Figure 4) must be transmitted in the most favourable conditions, taking into account the, delay distortion of said circuit.

the output of said filter, has nearly the shape of a Gaus-- sian curve. But, in accordance with the present invention, it is preferred to use for the coding means CD CD (Figure 4) the device made of two beam coders TG', TG" of PB. Lewellyn type shown on Figure and giving, at its output B, an alternating pulse IC having the shape shown on Figure 4-b instead of a positive rectangular pulse usually generated by ordinary beam On Figure 4-c Ech represents the sampler (such.

coders. as Echl or EchZ on Figure 4) energizing the plates (pv, pv), vertically deflecting the beams of encoding cathode ray tubes TG', TG", c, c" being the electron guns with cathodes and Wenhelt cylinders, ph, ph the horizontally deflecting plates fed by a sawtooth wave generated by timing circuit RV (Figure 4), k, k" the secondary electron collectors, eq, eq" thev quantizing electrodes, ec, co" the encoding electrodes, and P, P5. the final collecting electrodes of said tubes TG, T G".

Figure 4-d represents parts of encoding electrodes :20, cc" of tubes TG', TG, and shows the shape of their respective apertures, 0' and 0'', being the electronic.

images of 'the cathodes of said tubes, scanning the perforatedhorizontal lines'of said electrodes ec, ec.' A small delay line r atthe output of tube TG'flretardsf slightly the negative pulses'ic collected ,by plate'P'.

within tube T6 in order to give them a timeposition immediately after the corresponding positive pulses ic-. collected by plate P within tube TG', whereby, at.:the-

output of mixerm (energized by it) directly and by ic" through. delay, line r) analternating pulse IC having the shape representedonFigure 4-b is obtained.

At the end of wave-guide WG (Figuregj) is the. re-;

ceiving panel RP feeding (through an electronic switch controlled by timing circuit RV but not shown on Figure 5), successively two circuits 1 and 2 corresponding respectively to the received coded pulses 1C carrying'the luminance information I combined with the saturation chrominance information S in the composite video signal V(l+S), and to the received coded pulses 1C carrying the hue chrominance information C. A delay line LR retards the pulses 1C (first received) to give them on circuit 1 the same time. position as for the pulses 1C (received later) on circuit 2. In order to correct the distortion of the received pulses due to. the conversion and reconversion of the mode of vibration TB, of the electromagnetic waves travelling along wave-guide WG,

which (in' accordance with a well known technique) transform them in perfectly,rectangularpulses, which are then decoded by decoders DCD and DCD of Shansampled by samplers Ech1, Ec l z2', and'the samplesreach electronic gates G G The wave of frequency 3, extracted by filter F out of the received composite video signal V(l+S), feeds a device RV producing the necessary pulses for timing (in the usual manner) decoders DCD DCD samplers Echl, EchZ, and electronic gates G G (Thedotted lines of Figure 7 correspond to these timing operations.) I

The spectrum of the composite video signal V(l+S) restored at the outputof electronic gate G1 is divided by filters F F F and F as explained hereabove with reference to Figure 3. The path followed by the 'amplitude reference signal sr in the receiving station is not reproduced on Figure 5, 'but it would b'etthesameas on Figure 3. a 7

TD (Figure 5) is the hue decoding cathode ray tube; signal 1 (part B of the spectrum of the video signal V(l+S) energizes its wenheltl cylinder,W,"whileThue chrominance signal C (obtained, at the output of -eleictronic gate G energizestthe deflecting plates: PjlQEDi is: the decoding electrode provided with,3- slits-B, V, R behind which the electron multipliers MB, QMV, MR collect (and amplify) the signals B (.blue'),V (green) and R (red) proportional to theluminous fluxes (blue, green and red) to be mixed together for reproducing the hue of the color of the elemental area being scanned on the televised object. 7 I

Y The signal at the output of-filter F' (band B' of the spectrum of the video signal V(l+S) containsthe information concerning the degree of saturation of the color of said elemental area; after detection through detector D, the saturation chrominance signal S is restored, and is applied (through potentiometer r'r) to the control grid g, of pentode L in order to make the gain of said pentode large, when S is small, and vice versa. Signal 1' [band B of the spectrum of the videosignal V(l+S), at the output of filter F contains nearly all the luminance energy, and is applied also to the control grid g of pentode L, whilefsignal 1-" (bands B and B' of said spectrum) is applied to luminance matrix Ml. matrix receives also the weighted luminance signal 1' obtained at'the output of pentode L. As explained here above with reference to Figure 3, this luminance matrix Ml produces the components B (blue), 'V (green) and R (red) of the white light to be mixed (in electronic mixers mb mv, mr )wit-h the components B (blue),

V (green) tandj R' (red) of thejsaturatedycolored light The synchro-video-separator SVS"'(Figure 5) extracts (from band B .the'line'synchronizing pulses t andithe field synchronizing signals t -for controlling the saw-tooth generators Oh, 0v. producing the electrical scanning, of

'thefluorescent screen'Fl of viewing tube TR (Figure 5),

in perfect synchronism with the scanning of the photosensitive mosaics of the cameras IB, I V, IR at the distant transmitting station (Figure. 4).

The number of coded pulses .(IC +IC to be transmitted over wave-guide WG (in accordance with the Figures 4-and 5 or the present invention) is thefollowing, For veryqhighqualitycolored-television pictures:; 10

duced are applied (through gamma correctorsCb, CV,,

14 r and Q (which isequivnem to-2' waves modulated only in amplitude, by I for one, and by Q for the other); a total of 2 7=14 coded pul'seswould beneeded' for the same quality of received colored pictures.

In the other case mentioned above (point to point industrial color television): 6 levels of brightnessf+2 .levels of saturation-making 6+2=8 levels for the composite video signal V(l+S), 3' coded pulses-1C would sufiice; 16 levels of hue would require 4- coded pulses 10 this makes a total of4+3=7 coded pulses only.

There are many different manners of mapping'the color triangle in sectors corresponding to the various chromaticities that the human eye can easily distinguish'from each other, Figure 6-11 represents a mappingscheme slightly diiferent from the one shown on Figures 2- a and 2-b: Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are-given respectively to the following hues: yellow, orange, red, purple, violet blue, greenish blue, and green, whereas only two degrees of saturation are considered (marked respectively 'a and b, the transparency of zone a at the leftof Figured-a corresponding to ordinate oa on Figure 6-d,' the transparency of zone, b corresponding to ordinate Ob 'orifsaid Figure 6-d, and the center of Figure 6-11 (left) aswell as the narrow zone corresponding to'the' space between sectors of extreme numbers 1 and 8 at the right of Figure 6-a, being perfectly opaque as well as the parts outside the spectrum locus and the purple'line; A color television system (corresponding either to Figure l,'or to Figures 2 and'3, or to Figures 4 and 5) is assumed hereafter to be basedon the mapping of the color triangle shown on Fig ure 6-41, and Figure 6 represents a part of its receiving station adapted to the projection of colored television system on a large projection screen EP, in accordance with the third object of the present invention. B B B' are the 3 parts of the spectrum of the received signals (see Figure l-a); the chrominance-information is restored by the detection of band B band B (having the same width as band B' contains the greatest part of the luminance information, whereas band B (and to a certain extent also band B contain information concerning the details of'the drawing of the televised object; Figure 6 does not, reproduce the part of the receiving station separating respectively the two components of the luminance (l' corresponding-to band B andl" corresponding to bands B and E3), the chrominance chr- (correspond-- ing to band B detected), and the line synchronizing assumes this separation already done;

pulses tl and thefieIdsynchronizing signals t,-. Figure 6 store, as explained hereafter, the-hue chrominance signal C and the saturation chrominance signal S; 1 is applied to the control grid" g1 of pentode L (acting as-luminance weightingdevice), said'grid being control'l'ed'also by the variable bias produced by saturation chrominance signal S. "l",'and"a1so the output Zfo'f pent-ode L, areapp'lied'to electronic 'niixerM.

O is a cathode ray tube' with a fluorescent screenFl' levels of brightness+4 levels of saturation making 10+4 I (:14 levels for the composite videosignal V(l+S), 4 coded'pulses 10 are needed; 32 levels .ofhue require 5 coded" pulses ICQ; this makesa total of i4+ 5=9 coded pulses. IntlieN;T.'SIC .system of color television used in United States of America, in order totransmitthe composite video signal including -a color subcarrier modulated in phase and in amplitude by'twoparameters scanned under the control of saw-tooth'waves generated by oscillator O'v (for-vertical scanriing triggered by the received fiield synchronizing signals t and by oscillator Oh (for horizontal scanning) triggered by thejrece'ived line synchronizing pu lsestl. The output of mixerM em ergizes the Wehne'lt cylinder w of tube 0; thereforethe Schmidt optical system (made of spheric mirrort" and correctinglens A) projects, onscreen EP', 'a large high definition black and "white picture of the televised object, the desiredemount of white light being regulated by pentode L undertheicontrol of signals.

The field synchronizing signals t synchronize also the motion of electric motor Mo mechanical-1y connected with the shaft of the rotating mirror drum TMscanning optically'screenEP with the luminous rays emitted by source 2 through color modulators K, K, whereby a coarse colored-picture of the "televised object is superposedon'the high definition black and white picture of said televised object.

As shown in perspective on Figure 6, tubeTdc contains a vertical rectilinear cathode C emitting a flat beam of electrons, an anode A at a high positive potential referred to cathode C, a Wehnelt cylinder W, a pair of plates P forhorizontally deflecting said beam, a decoding electrode ED represented on Figure 6-c and a collecting electrode ec. Tube Tds contains a vertical rectilinear cathode C emittinga flat beam of electrons, an anode A at a high positive potential referred to cathode C, a Wehnelt cylin der W, a pair of plates P for horizontally deflecting said beam, a decoding electrode ED represented on Figure 6-d, an electron multiplier ms and a collecting electrode For producing the coarse colored picture of the televised object on screen EP, use is made of electrical color modulators (based on electrical birefringence), acting on the luminous rays produced by the powerful source of white'light 2 (for example, an electric arc); these devices can be Kerr cells with nitrobenzene or phenyl mustard oil; but preferably, crystals of dihydrogen ammonium phosphate NH H PO or other crystals of the type XH PO or crystals of dihydrogen ammonium arseniate NH H AsO are used. r

In Figure 6, K and K represent two crystals of di-hydrogen ammonium phosphate, cut perpendicularly to the crystallographic axis Z (Z cut crystals). If an electric field is applied parallel to the Z-direction, these crystals (orgi'na-lly uniaxial) become biaxial; the plane of the optic axes is independent of the magnitude of the voltage V applied to the electrodes (on or u) and is inclined at 45 to the crystallographic axis Z; for luminous rays parallel to the electric field and at a given wave-length, a retardation (or phase shift) is produced through the crystal plate; this retardation is practically linearly proportional to the applied voltage V, and is independent of the plate thickness. For afield applied at right angle to the crystallographic axis Z (for example, in the X direction), the crystal would also become biaxial; but the retardation change through the plate (for rays parallel to the electric field) would depend on the square of the applied voltage I tion 6 through the ring electrodes or of crystalplate K, a

through analyser A, through the ring electrodes at" of crystal plate K for which A acts as a polariser) through analyser A, and through lens l producing a colored luminous point on projectionscreen EP, after reflection on one of the mirrors of rotating mirror drum TM. This drum TM is a cylinder having on its surface a plurality (If-mirrors making, progressively increasing angles, with the axis of this drum (which is mechanically connected with the shaft of electric motor Mo), so that said luminous point (at the focus of lens l2) scans optically the successive horizontal lines of screen EP when motor Mo rotates. r

In order to have the maximum brightness of this colored luminous point produced onscreen EP, analyser A is preferably crossed with polariser P, the principal direc-. tions of crystal plate Llare at degrees from'polariser P, analyser A may be indifierently either parallel to P, or crossed with P.

The hue chrominance signal C (at the output of tube Tdc) is applied, throughamplifier AC, to the ring electrodes on of crystal plate K. If V is the electric voltage .appliedto said electrodes at 'a given instant, luminous 16 rays perpendicular tothe faces of crystal K (and therefore parallel to the electric field produced by'said volttage V) are retarded in their passage through the crystal; the retardation so produced is pV (linearly proportional to V), p being a constant; if G designates the gain of amplifier AC, V' GC; consequently the total retardation produced between polariser P and analyser A by crystal plate L and crystal plate K is: 6=6 +pGC "The following Table 1 gives, for each value of retardatron 6 expressed in millimicrons, the color of the light emerging from analyserA.

. Number Diflerences Total retardation Color of light emerging of this for 6 (in 8=5 +pGC from analyzer 1 color in minin millimicrons N ewtons microns) scale whlte 7 0 yellow 12 73 yellowish orange 13 181 14 246 15 277 17 306 18 316 20 405 21 469 22 488 1 The colors mentioned in this table belong to the first and second orders of Newton's scale; they. are not saturated. 7 With reference to the color triangle (Figure 6-a), the above table shows that, if crystal plate L produces by itself a retardation 6 =259 millimicrons, a yellow color will be obtained at the output of analyser A when crystal K produces (by itself) a retardation of 73 millimicrons, a red color will be obtained if the latter retardation is 277 millimicrons, a blue color will be obtained for 405 millimicrons, and a green color for 488 millimicrons.

The corresponding values of hue chrominance .signal C must be such that their products by the constant coefiicient (pG) are precisely these numbers of millimicrons respectively, while the corresponding values of the signal chr are proportional to the numbers of the corresponding sectors of Maxwells color triangle (Figure 6-a).

it is therefore easy to plot curve C (Figure 6-c) giving the necessary relation between the received signal chr in abscissa and the hue saturation signal C multiplied by pG in ordinates. Referring again to Figure 6a,;and assum ing that ordinates 0a and Ob .(atthe bottom of Figure 6-d) represent the. smallest and the biggest-degreesof saturation of color which are desiredgit is easy to-plot' curve S (Figure 6 -d)' giving the necessary relationbetween the saturation chrominance signal S and the 'receivedisignal chr. The hatched parts of Figures 6-0' and -6-d represent the solid portions'of decoding electrode ED and ED oftube Tdc and tube Tds-(Fig'. 6). At a is to say to a nonsaturated red j'color. Figures. 6,-c and 6-d show that the hue chrominance signal C (produced on ec by theelectrons-going throughjslitC of electrode ED) has then the value 1 pG T (arbitrary units), whilethe saturation chrominance signal S (produced es by 'the electrons going through slit S of "electrode ED) has the value 0a corresponding to a small'saturation. Table l sho'ws th'at this value of C corresponds precisely to ainonsaturatedred color.

This saturation chrominance'signal S (see Figure 6) is applied (through amplifier a and potentiometer r r to the control :grid-giof ,pentode L,.and produces a bias such that the gain ofsaid pentode L is large whens is small and vice ver'sa. -To said grid g is also: applied the main "energy of luminance 'l, and the output potential of said pentode L is transferred to mixer M (and further to the Wehnelt cylinder w'- of tube through amplifier a making w positive when S is small and negative when S is large. For the considered elemental area having an unsaturated red color, S being small, the weighted luminance signal Z; is great, and cathode ray tube 0 adds a substantial amount of white light to the unsaturated red light emerging from analyser A, passing unaltered through crystal K and analyser A (as explained hereafter) and thrown by lens 1 on projection screen EP after reflection on mirror drum TM.

Figure 6 shows that signal S is also applied to control grid g of triode T, which is negatively biased by a battery b in such a manner that no substantial current circulates in theplate resistor r as long ass does not reach a certain threshold corresponding to ordinate Ob on Figure GP-d. Therefore, for unsaturated colors, the following inversing triode I receives on its grid at high positive potential and its plate conveys to blocking electrodes gc, gc of gated amplifiers AC, AC a very negative potential; consequently the potential dilferences V across resistor R (at the ouput of amplifier AC) and V" across resistor R" (at the output of amplifier AC") are negligible; a very negligible voltage exists across the ring electrodes is of crystal plate K in series with said resistors R and R"; no appreciable electric field is applied to said crystal K, and the luminous rays emerging from analyser A go through it without any appreciable retarda- .tion, as stated above. Finally, it appears clearly that the color obtained on screen EP for the corresponding elemental area of the picture of the televised object is a nonsaturated red (colorNo. 15 in Newtons scale), having a spectral curve (amplitude of vibration versus wave length) like curve 1 of Figure 6-b, 7e, being the wavelength of dominant monochromatic radiation.

It is now assumed that the scanned elemental area .of the televised object has a very saturated red color corresponding again to sector 3, but (this time) to zone b on the color triangle of Figure 6-q. In this case, the electronic images of cathodes C, C of decoding tubes Tdc and Tds will beposiioned on the particular lines of electrodes ED and ED along Q; the hue chrominance signal C will have thesame value as above and again the color of the light emerging from analyser A will be an unsaturated red (curve 1 of Figure 6-b); but the saturation chrominance signal S will then have its maximum value corresponding to ordinate Ob on Figure 6-d; the weighted luminance signal l will be very small, and cathode ray tube 0 will practically contribute to the picture on projection screen EP only through the signal I corresponding only to the small details of the drawing of the televised object inside the considered elemental area of said picture. At the same time, as saturation chromi nance signal has a great value (greater than the above mentioned threshold), the plate current of triode T is large, and inverting triode Iopens the blocking grids go and gc of gated amplifiers AC and AC". Amplifier AC has its control grid energized the output GC of amplifier AC, and the potential dilferen'ce produced across the output resistor R is GC G,sif G is the gain produced by AC. Amplifier AC" has its control grid raised, by a fixed battery B, at a fixed positive potential B relatively to the cathode, and the potential difierence produced across the output resistor is 136, if G is the gain produced by AC. Therefore the total voltage applied to the ring electrodes at of crystal plate K is: GCG'+ BG.

As stated above, the total retardation produced by crystal plate K on the luminous rays emitted by source 2 on their path between polariser P, and analyser A is 6=8 +pGC (with 6 =259 millimicrons). The total retardation produced by crystal plate K on said rays on their path between analyser A (acting as polariser) and analyser A is 6' =p ((BG-|GG).

tzs e c a with a =259 minim'icrbns "In. accordance with the wellknowntheory of Bernard ,Lyo'ts monochromator, if 6=26,' the spectral curve of the color emerging from A has the shape of curve 3 of Figure 6-b, the ordinate of which is the product of the ordinate of curve 1 (corresponding to retardation aproduced between P and A considered alone) and ofthe ordinate of curve 2 (corresponding to the retardation 6 produced between A and A considered alone). It is apparent that curve 3 (Figure 6-b) characterizes a very saturated color of the same dominant monochromatic radiation as the unsaturated color characterized by curve 1. The equation or 7 7 V P( )=2( 1+P 7 becomes an identity, and therefore is valid for all the elemental areas of the televised object having saturated colors, if the fixed value of B, and the gains G, G, G are suchthat:

Figures 6-0 and 6-41 show that fora white (or black) elemental area of thetelevised object (central par-tot the color triangleof Figure 6-31) the hue chrominance signal C andfthe saturation chrominance signalS are both equal to zero. Therefore no electric field-is applied either to crystal K or to crystal K; no colored light is projected on screen EP; on the other hand, practically the full received luminance ,(I -I-Z) is applied (through mixer M) to the We'hnelt cylinder w of cathode ray tube 0; therefore, in case of a white elemental area being scanned at the transmitting station, a corresponding purely white area will be produced for thepicture obtained on projection screen EP. g g

4 If, as shown on Figure l-b, a positive polarity is used for the composite video signal V (an increase of luminance corresponding to a positive pulse, while line synchronizing pulses t .between two successive scanning lines, and also field synchronizingsignals t between two successive fields are negative), Figure 6 shows that, during the occurrence of said negative synchronizing signals pulses, as signal ch 1. does not ,exist, signals C and S are equal to zero, no field is applied to crystal plate K, and triode T, as well as amplifiers AC and AC being also inactive, no field is applied to crystal plate K. As these synchronizing signals are periodic, there is no risk that crystal plates K and K remain under strain a too long time.

The low frequency negative synchronizing signals and 1, applied to control gridg of pentode' L cut off the plate current of said pento'de L; these low frequency negative synchronizing signals t and t cannot reach fully, the Wehnelt cylinder w" of cathode ray tube 0, although their steep fronts can produce some transients on said Weh'nelt cylinder w; it may therefore be appropriate to use a classical blanking generator (not shown on Figure '6) for cutting off the beamin 0. during the occurrence of said synchronizing signals. 7' p j Crystal plates K and K" do not consume much current because they offer a great resistance between their respec'tive ring eiectrode s (a or it); but great and rapidly varying potential diiferenlces must be applied between said electrodes in order to obtain the desired range of color modulation; consequently AC, AC and A are necessarily powerful amplifiers.

In the case of thecolor television system represented on Figure 1-, the received signalehr on Figure 6 is a coded color signal representing both the hue and the degree of saturation, in conformity with color triangle of Figure l-c for example. g p q In the case of the cblortelevision system represented on Figures 2 and 3, signal chr is the hue chrominance signal C during one scanning line and the saturation chrominance signal S during the following scanning line;

76 use being made naturally of delay line LR of Figure 3'. 

